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[value] => [html undefined="|{H1|}La méthode Kuma|{/H1|}|{p|}La méthode Kuma est la lecture analytique des hiéroglyphes égyptiens à partir des langues africaines modernes. Cette méthode qui a été élaborée par Toti Dibombari Mbock, contribue à mettre en évidence le socle commun et les relations qui existent entre toutes ces langues. La distinction langue bantou et langue soudanaise devient du coup moins évidente voire caduque.|{/p|}" format="ckeditor" different_values="0"]La méthode Kuma
La méthode Kuma est la lecture analytique des hiéroglyphes égyptiens à partir des langues africaines modernes. Cette méthode qui a été élaborée par Toti Dibombari Mbock, contribue à mettre en évidence le socle commun et les relations qui existent entre toutes ces langues. La distinction langue bantou et langue soudanaise devient du coup moins évidente voire caduque.
Afin d'introduire la méthode Kuma, nous vous partageons cette note de Diodore de Sicile.
Le chroniqueur grec déclare :
"Pour ne rien omettre de ce qui peut servir à la connaissance de l'antiquité, nous devons
dire quelque chose des lettres éthiopiennes auxquelles les égyptiens ont donné le
nom de hiéroglyphes.
Ces lettres se composent de figures d'animaux de différents genres, de membres du corps
humain, d'instruments ou d'outils employés dans les arts. Ce n'est pas de la réunion des
caractères ou des syllabes que résulte le discours écrit, mais de la signification
métaphorique attachée aux objets dessinés, signification que seul l'exercice de la
mémoire apprend à retenir. "
Les anciens égyptiens, pour exprimer une idée abstraite, représentaient l'image qui leur
semblait la plus propre à symboliser cette idée.
- Outre de signaler que les hiéroglyphes sont des lettres éthiopiennes, il fait remarquer que ce
système d'écriture ne s'appréhende pas selon une réunion de caractères ou de syllabes,
mais de la signification métaphorique associée aux objets dessinés.
Que signifie "la métaphore" à laquelle il associe l'intelligence des lettres Éthiopiennes?
- Aristote est le premier auteur grec qui définit la métaphore. Selon la compréhension des
grecs, la métaphore est :
" Le transport à une chose d'un nom qui en désigne une autre";
Ce qui revient en français à une définition de l'homophonie ou l'homonymie.
Ex: car (conjonction) et car (moyen de transport)
Sont deux homophones homographe. (s'écrivent et s'entendent de la même façon.)
* Maire et mère : homophones hétérographes ( s'entendent de la même façon mais
s'écrivent différemment)
* fils (enfants de) et fils (couture) Homographes hétérophones.(s'écrivent de la même façon mais se prononcent différemment.)
Nb: Une métaphore puisque fondée sur le principe de l' analogie, a ceci de particulier qu'elle
fait appel à un vocabulaire.
Ce vocabulaire doit être appréhender à partir de l'origine que Diodore de Sicile donne aux
caractères sacrés égyptiens.
Nous rappelons ici que pour les grecs, l'Éthiopie c'est la région du Midi, c'est à dire les
plateaux de l'Afrique Centrale.
Nous allons vérifier ces faits à travers un exemple :
* Diodore de Sicile dit : les égyptiens entendent par épervier tout ce qui se fait
promptement, parce que cet oiseau a le vol très rapide.
- le copte nous donne : (tre=épervier, milan, faucon)
- les langues soudanaise nous donnent :
* Beni : téré = rapidité
* Tombo so : telé = être rapide
* Soninke : tere = marcher
Telle = aller, partir
* Jamsay : tere = rapidité, agilité
* Bedjond : télé = rapidité, agilité
* Toro tegu : tèré = rapidité, agilité
* Bamanan : teli = rapide, vite.
Liste non exhaustive.
* Le scribe sait que le nom de l'épervier "ressemble"au mot qui signifie "rapide" dans sa
langue, motif pour lequel il use de l'image de l'épervier pour traduire la notion où le concept
de rapidité.
Ces exemples suffisent à clarifier la remarque de Diodore de Sicile.
Rapport essentiellement fondé sur l'homophonie qu'observent le nom du rapace en copte et
l'expression de la rapidité au sein des langues mandées.
Pour conclure, les langues de la zone bantoue, à l'instar du kikongo, présentent :
- Ntinu= rapidité, vitesse.
- Waazi : tiinû = rapide
- Bandinga : n'tine = vite, rapide
- Bandjari : ntinu = vite
- Kivili : ncinu = rapide
Qui paraissent comme des homophones du kikongo :
- ntinu = roi, empereur
- Vili : ncinu = seigneur, roi
* une relation qui s'éclaircie avec rapport que le Milan /faucon entretien avec la royauté dans l'ancienne Égypte.
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[isUninstalling:Drupal\Core\Config\Entity\ConfigEntityBase:private] =>
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[label:protected] => Authored on
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[0] => node.type.page
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[translatable:protected] =>
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)
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(
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[dependencies:protected] => Array
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[config] => Array
(
[0] => node.type.page
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[isSyncing:protected] =>
[isUninstalling:Drupal\Core\Config\Entity\ConfigEntityBase:private] =>
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[required:protected] =>
[translatable:protected] =>
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[third_party_settings:protected] => Array
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)
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)
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(
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[dependencies:protected] => Array
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[isUninstalling:Drupal\Core\Config\Entity\ConfigEntityBase:private] =>
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[default_langcode] => stdClass Object
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[description] => stdClass Object
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[description] => stdClass Object
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[stringTranslation:protected] =>
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[arguments:protected] => Array
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[definition:protected] => Array
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)
[stringTranslation:protected] =>
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)
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[description] => stdClass Object
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)
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[string:protected] => Indicates if the last edit of a translation belongs to current revision.
[arguments:protected] => Array
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)
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[read-only] => 1
[revisionable] => 1
[translatable] => 1
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)
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[dependencies:protected] => Array
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[module] => Array
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[required:protected] =>
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)
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[dependencies:protected] => Array
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[0] => node.type.page
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)
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)
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)
[dependencies:protected] => Array
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[config] => Array
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[0] => field.storage.node.body
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[module] => Array
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[locked:protected] => 1
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[__CLASS__] => Drupal\Core\Language\Language
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[langcodeKey:protected] => langcode
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[translations:protected] => Array
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[x-default] => Array
(
[status] => 1
)
)
[translationInitialize:protected] =>
[newRevision:protected] =>
[isDefaultRevision:protected] => 1
[entityKeys:protected] => Array
(
[bundle] => page
[id] => 190
[revision] => 201
[label] => La méthode Kuma
[uuid] => cf46d574-9a18-4a01-a035-cf45a0b4c404
[status] => 1
[published] => 1
[uid] => 1
[owner] => 1
)
[translatableEntityKeys:protected] => Array
(
[langcode] => Array
(
[x-default] => fr
)
[default_langcode] => Array
(
[x-default] => 1
)
[revision_translation_affected] => Array
(
[x-default] => 1
)
)
[validated:protected] =>
[validationRequired:protected] =>
[loadedRevisionId:protected] => 201
[revisionTranslationAffectedKey:protected] => revision_translation_affected
[enforceRevisionTranslationAffected:protected] => Array
(
)
[fieldsToSkipFromTranslationChangesCheck:protected] => Array
(
)
[entityTypeId:protected] => node
[enforceIsNew:protected] =>
[typedData:protected] =>
[cacheContexts:protected] => Array
(
)
[cacheTags:protected] => Array
(
)
[cacheMaxAge:protected] => -1
[_serviceIds:protected] => Array
(
)
[_entityStorages:protected] => Array
(
)
[isSyncing:protected] =>
)